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| Football Football is the name given to a number of different team sports. The most popular of these world wide is association football (also known as soccer). The English word "football" is also applied to American football, Australian rules football, Canadian football, Gaelic football, rugby football (rugby union and rugby league), and related games. Each of these codes (specific sets of rules) is to a greater or lesser extent referred to as "football" and sometimes "footy" by its followers. These games involve: a large spherical or prolate spheroid ball, which is itself called a football. a team scoring goals and/or points, by moving the ball to an opposing team's end of the field and either into a goal area, or over a line. the goal and/or line being defended by the opposing team. players being required to move the ball mostly by kicking and — in some codes — carrying and/or passing the ball by hand. goals and/or points resulting from players putting the ball between two goalposts. offside rules, in most codes, restricting the movement of players. in some codes, points are mostly scored by players carrying the ball across the goal line. in most codes players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a crossbar between the goalposts. players in some codes receiving a free kick after they take a mark/make a fair catch. Many of the modern games have their origins in England, but many peoples around the world have played games which involved kicking and/or carrying a ball since ancient times. Read article: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The FA Cup |
Each different code of football uses a different ball which belong to one of two different basic shapes: A sphere used in association football (soccer) as well as Gaelic football; An approximate prolate spheroid, which may be either: those with more rounded ends used in rugby union, rugby league and Australian rules football the more pointed type used in American football and Canadian football Dimensions The ball used in football (soccer) is called a football or soccer ball. Law 2 of the game specifies the ball to be an air-filled sphere with a circumference of 68–70 cm (or 27–28 inches), a weight of 410–450 g (or 14–16 ounces), inflated to a pressure of 60–110 kPa (or 8.5–15.6 psi), and covered in leather or "other suitable" material. [1] The weight specified for a ball is the dry weight: older balls often became significantly heavier in the course of a match played in wet weather. The standard ball is a Size 5. Smaller sizes exist; Size 3 is standard for team handball; others are used in underage games or as novelty items. Construction A truncated icosahedron (left) compared to an association football/soccer ball. Most modern footballs are stitched from 32 panels of waterproofed leather or plastic: pigskin, 12 regular pentagons and 20 regular hexagons. The 32-panel configuration is similar to the polyhedron known as the truncated icosahedron, except that it is more spherical, because the faces bulge due to the pressure of the air inside. The first 32-panel ball was marketed by Select in the 1950s in Denmark. This configuration became common throughout Continental Europe in the 1960s, and was publicised worldwide by the Adidas Telstar, the official ball of the 1970 World Cup. Older balls were usually stitched from 18 oblong non-waterproof leather panels, similar to the design of modern volleyballs and Gaelic footballs, and laced to allow access to the internal air bladder. This configuration is still common, as are more novel ones, such as the 26-panel Mitre PRO 100T, and the 2006 FIFA World Cup football, the 14-panel Adidas +Teamgeist (a truncated octahedron). There are also indoor footballs, which are made of one or two pieces of plastic. Often these have designs printed on them to resemble a stitched leather ball. There are only thirteen different possibilities for suitable spherical footballs. This includes the more football of pentagons and hexagons that we use today. It is predicted that in 2010, a newly shaped football will be in use which will have 92 leather flaps the majority of which will be triangles and the rest will be squares and octagons.[citation needed] Patterns The archetype, black pentagon/white hexagon design was intended for maximum visibility on monochrome television sets. It is still used for generic balls and symbolic representations of the game. However, premium branded balls have other more elaborate patterns. The Nike Total 90 Aerow has rings intended to aid goalkeepers to determine the spin on the ball. "Official replicas" of the Teamgeist have its 14-panel pattern superimposed on a cheaper 32-panel ball. The official ball of the UEFA Champions League, the Adidas Finale has stars on the ball. Older balls were monochrome: originally brown; and later white, especially for floodlit matches. Brightly-coloured balls are used on snow-covered pitches. Read article: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
Child labour About 80% of association footballs are made in Pakistan. 75% of these (60% of all world production) are made in the city of Sialkot. In the past child labour was often used in the production of the balls. In 1996, during the European championship, activists decided to press this issue. This eventually led to the Atlanta Agreement, which forced ball manufacturers to make sure no child labour was involved in the fabrication of their products. This also led to a centralisation of production, which on the one hand would make it easier for the Independent Monitoring Association for Child Labour (IMAC[2]) - an organization created to watch over the Atlanta Agreement - to make sure no child labour occurred, on the other hand often forced workers to commute further to get to work. Now the production takes place primarily in small workshops and factories and is now totally Child-Labour free. 2006 World Cup The official FIFA World Cup footballs for Germany 2006 matches were made in Thailand. Adidas, who have provided the official match balls for the tournament since 1970, used "thermally bonded" machine pressed balls instead of traditionally stiched balls. |